Equality and Diversity in Childcare - 9428 Words

Introduction My name is and I am currently doing a FETAC level 6 Early Childhood Care and Education course. One of the modules is Equality and Diversity in Childcare. For this exercise I will explore equality and diversity concepts as relevant to Irish Society. Analyse approaches to diversity education including, assimilation, multicultural, intercultural and anti-bias. Explore equality and diversity terminology; including prejudice, discrimination, racism, sexism and abelism etc. Examine current legislation on Equality and Diversity, to include Equality Legislation, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the UN International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. I will examine the role of the†¦show more content†¦Even thought the colour of my neighbour’s skin wasn’t an issue I thought and knew she was different at a young age I just had it all wrong. My parents laughed for days and even told my neighbours mother and there was no of fence taken or no apology to be made. I don’t think this would happen today, I would tell my 11yr old to not to say that and explain in great detail the ins and outs of the situation. Sometimes I wonder if things have gone too far. * Goodman (1970) demonstrated that children begin to develop racial identity as early as three years of age. This is very young I think. My father was a nurse and I went to the convent and the nuns always asked what does your father do , I think they knew the mothers were at the kitchen sink as they never mentioned the poor mothers , when I would reply† he is a nurse† titters and sniggers would fill the classroom . A man a nurse was not the norm when I was a child, it wasn’t the children’s fault this is just how things were at the time, and this would be stereo typing , a man does a mans job and a woman does a woman’s job. My first encounter with homosexual and gay issues was on a television programme called Dynasty and a character called Stephen, he acted the gay son of a wealthy business man and the gasps and shock of my parents and the neighbours as they watched it religiously in our house because they didn’t have a television wasShow MoreRelatedUnderlying Values And Principles Of Working With Children And Promoting A Positive Learning Experience Within A Childcare Setting881 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many underlying values and principles of working with children and promoting a positive learning experience within a childcare setting. One of these principles is Choice which is where children can make their own choices on what they want to do and learn about how others also have the same choices. Also this means that children should be aware of all the choices available in the nursery that day. This is shown in my placement as children in the baby room are given a wide choice of toysRead MoreNuclear Family: Definition, Advantages Disadvantages993 Words   |  4 Pagesthe expressive role (domestic and caring/childcare). Over time this has changed and the nuclear family as become less dominant, some sociologists agree with this such as Rapport, however some strongly disagree and believe that the nuclear family is the best type of family, such as the New Rights. Rapport argue there’s many more factors causing more family diversity and how this means the nuclear family isn’t necessarily the norm and that this diversity represents a greater freedom of choice andRead MoreLegislation Table HBCA Unit 1 Task 1 SA 2 Essay694 Words   |  3 Pageswork in Home-Based Childcare Award (HBCA) Legislation Template Learning Outcome 1, Task 1, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 Criteria 1.1 Outline current legislation relevant to the home based childcarer. 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Below is a list of the legislations which form the basic government statutory codes of practice and frameworks that school policies and procedures should have in relation to equality and inclusion. United Nations Convention on the rights of the Child. This is set up to makeRead MoreEssay about Unit 53 Equality and Inclusion1425 Words   |  6 PagesUNIT 053- PROMOTE EQUALITY AND INCLUSION IN HEALTH, SOCIAL OR CHILDREN’S AND YOUNG PEOPLE’S SETTINGS 1.1 Diversity- Two definitions of Diversity are: Diversity- acknowledgement of and respect for their individuality. Diversity- celebrating differences and valuing everyone. By respecting visible and invisible differences everyone can feel valued for their contribution, beneficial for both the individual and the setting. Equality- Two definitions of Equality are: Equality- equal opportunities

Article Review Closing The Cyber Gap - 1052 Words

ARTICLE REVIEW: Closing the Cyber Gap: Integrating cross-government cyber capabilities to support the DHS cyber security mission, written by Edward W. Lowery. Introduction: The author of this article is Edward W. Lowery, who is apart of the U.S Secret Service. His job title is â€Å"Assistant Director of the Office of Training† as of February 2015. Mr. Lowery was appointed Special Agent in charge of the Secret Service’s Criminal Investigative Division (CID). Before taking this position, Edward Lowery served as the Deputy Assistant Director in the Office of Protective Operations. Edward is responsible for directing, as well as coordinating all cyber and financial crime investigative activities for the CID. He is also responsible for the daily†¦show more content†¦Department of Homeland Security was created to make increased security and operational efficacy easier. The U.S Secret Service (USSS) and the U.S. Treasury Department were operationally aligned on September 11th, 2001. This was done to suppress the counterfeiting of United States currency. On October 26th, 2001 the USA Patriot Act passed. The USA Patriot Act called for the expansion of the USSS Electronic Crime Task Force (ECTF) model. This had been proven to be a successful method of tracking the terrorist use of cyber technologies and preventing attacks against the nation’s financial infrastructure. The article states that through a review of the Department of Homeland Security s documents on budgeting, the government is having trouble with budgeting their money and should invest more into cyber security. Steven Tomisek stated in his article Homeland Security: The New Role for Defense, that since the 9/11 terrorist attack, government agencies, and Department of Defense (DOD), have argued that any cyber threat targeting the United States critical infrastructure, which also includes the financial infrastructure, should be seen as a â€Å"national security† threat, no matter what the motivations or identity of the attacker are. The NSA and DOD have argued that just them alone have the power to counter this critical threat t o our national security through domestic as well as international cyber operations. However,Show MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Technology On The Banking Industry1801 Words   |  8 Pagesin the anytime, anywhere banking scenario. BBA (2014b) in their article,‘ The Cyber threat to Banking’, issues a warning that this digital dependency could have material impacts for individual banks and even develop into systemic concerns. 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Management and organisational behaviour in Planning

Question: Discuss about the Management and organisational behaviour in Planning. Answer: Introduction Organisational behaviour is the study of human behaviour in an organisation, and the interaction between the organisation and the human behaviour. According to Mullins (2013), organisational behaviour can be divided into three ways such as micro level, meso level and macro level. The major principle of organisational behaviour is to achieve the organisational theory and also develop a greater conceptualisation of the organisational life. Therefore, it can be stated that central idea of the organisational behaviour is used for the purpose of human resource and employee engagement, which will in turn maximise the entire output of the organisation. On the other hand, organisational behaviour is helpful to understand the group and the individual performance as well as their activities within a company. This study will highlight the human behaviour in the working environment of Woolworths and will identify the effect on the organisational performance, communication, leadership and motivation etc. Woodet al.(2016) opined that internal and external perspectives are two relevant theories, which describe how the organisational behaviour can be measured by the performance of Woolworths. In addition, internal perspective is depending upon the employees behaviour and their personal feelings, communications, thoughts and experiences. On the other hand, external perspective is depending upon the environmental factors, which affect the individuals performance and behaviour. Woolworths is a supermarket chain in Australia. Woolworths is operating their business in the duopoly market. The Headquarter of Woolworths is at New South Wales, Australia. Number of employees is 11000 (Woolworthsgroup.com.au. 2017). In order to complete the study, the interviewer has conducted an interview on 3 managers of Woolworths. As the managers are busy with their operations, therefore, the interviewer has conducted the interview through telephone. This study will demonstrate the organisational planning, which is required to determine in order to achieve the business goal of the organisation. Time horizon is the primary aspect, with which Woolworths deliver the products to the consumers within the proposed time. In addition, pricing strategy is the other aspect, which is determined by Woolworths in order to satisfy the consumers (Mahembe and Engelbrecht2014). On the other hand, this study will demonstrate several leadership styles, which are following by the organisations in order to improve the organisational performance. Planning Theory Organisational planning is a procedure, which is helpful to focus on the ideas and decide on the approaches, which are required to follow Woolworths in order to meet the goal of the company. As opined by Rhoden (2016), planning is the vital level of all work place. However, the management of Woolworths has been following fail to plan, plan to fail in the organisational performance. In addition, Woolworths focuses to the time horizon and thus, they develops time frame for each of the work. Within the mentioned time frame, Woolworths tried to accomplish their projects. Therefore, each of the individual workers requires to provide their efforts as per the necessities. According to Mullins (2013), Woolworths requires to identify and organise the necessary resources and raw materials. If Woolworths supply excess raw materials for the production process, then it can be inferred that the organisation has to carry extra burden. This will in turn increase the overall cost structure of the products. In this point, it can be mentioned that supply of necessary amounts raw materials can improve the performance of an organisation. The organisation has planned to develop schedules with appropriate and specific milestones for achieving the goal of the organisation (Lee and Lee 2014). Woolworths has also planned to set appropriate prices of their products. Findings It is known that the objective of Woolworths is to deliver the products to the consumers within proposed time. After conducting the interview, the interviewer has identified that Woolworths has been planning mainly to deliver the manufacturing goods within the mentioned time. Therefore, time framework is the key aspect, which has been followed by Woolworths. In addition, the short-term goal of Woolworths is to provide higher quality of products at the best possible prices to the customers. As a result, the consumers are getting satisfied with their service and thus, Woolworths has planned to open more outlets around Australia. According to AlNasseriand Aulin (2016), it can be mentioned that organisational planning can increase the productivity of the organisation and the consumers will be satisfied. Therefore, the organisation has planned to expand its business. Hence, the revenue earning by Woolworths will be increased. In the opinion of Gelenset al. (2014), by following this organi sational planning Woolworths will be capable to achieve business goal. Moreover, Woolworths also implement innovative techniques in order to improve the performance of Woolworths. Analysis The main concern of Woolworths is to deliver the products to their consumers within the proposed time. This is the ideal practice of the organisation to satisfy their consumers. As a result, they also want to maintain a long-term relationship with the company (Contrafattoand Burns 2013). It can be mentioned that the long-term goal of Woolworths is to achieve the environmental needs. Therefore, they want to sustain organisational growth within the social development. Based on the organisational planning, which have discussed in previous, Woolworths has focused on four organisational strategies. The strategies are to be a consumer centric business, to be a higher brand value driven business, to develop strong and greater profitable consumer relationship, to enable multi-channel world. As per the statement of Lozano, Ceulemansand Seatter (2015), Woolworths has aimed to motivate the employees and also provide them necessary training in order to update their knowledge and skills. On the o ther hand, other important aspect is to determine the pricing structure of the products. As Woolworths always tries to give priority to the consumers, therefore, they set lower prices of the products, so that the consumers can afford to purchase it. As a result, pricing strategy is one of the important organisational strategies, which is required to determine in order to increase the profitability statement of the organisation (AlNasseri and Aulin2016). Organising Theory In order to improve the performance of an organisation, Woolworths has planned to develop a team. According to Alfeset al. (2013), teamwork can increase theproductivity of the organisation. The definition of organising can arrange different elements into a sequential structure or order. This will in turn implies assembling of necessary resources to achieve the organisational objectives. Therefore, it can be mentioned that this is an organisational goal oriented process, which highlights the organisational effectiveness and efficiency. On the other hand, Chumget al. (2016) cited that organising is the managerial program, which is needed to carry out and also required to determine in order to achieve the business goal. Organising is also associated with the human resources and the other organisational assets such as strategy, technology and environment. On the other hand, organising at the level of organisation includes an inference about the feasibility of departmentalise within the departments to efficiently coordinate the effort. According to De Vriesand Van der Poll (2016), there are several ways of departmentalise, which include organising with the help of activities, product or with the consumers. Woolworths has used several approaches of departmentalisation. Therefore, in a synopsis, it can be mentioned that organising is a method, which involves integration, balancing and the coordination of the organisational function and can combine the employees in order to achieve the business goals. Findings From the interview, it can be noticed that the management of Woolworths have keep their faith on the team development. The organising process of Woolworths has developed a relationship with the employees by assigning tasks to the eligible employees (Lozano, Ceulemansand Seatter2015). It is because when Woolworths has assigned tasks to the staffs, they become responsible towards the tasks and perform it efficiently. In addition, the procedure of organising has raised to a network of authority responsibility associations between the members of the company. This network of organisational authority responsibility connection is known as organisation structure. Woolworths has aimed to two broad classifications such as organising as a process and organising as a structure. On the other hand, Mahembeand Engelbrecht (2014) opined that organising is a continuous method and in order to achieve the business goal, Woolworths requires to maintain a consistency in their performance. Therefore, it c an be stated that organising is essential for achieving the organisational goals. In this context, Woolworths is able to determine the distribution, finance, production, organisational operation etc. Analysis Organising is associated with the mechanism, which is helpful to achieve the organisational planned objectives. Therefore, Woolworths has been providing a framework within which several activities have performed by the managers of the organisation significantly. Organising procedure is used within the organisation in order to maintain and achieve the coordination among the organisational staffs. This is the ideal organising practice followed by Woolworths. As per the statement of Hyde, Harris and Boaden (2013), with the help of organising, the performance of the employees can be connected with the functioning of each of the departments. In addition, organising is depending upon the concept of work division of Woolworths, which leads to the specialisation. The organising process of Woolworths has aimed to achieve higher effectiveness as it is benefitted to make significant utilisation of the physical resources. In the words of Lee and Lee (2014), it can be stated that Woolworths is ab le to promote development of the employees and the management can take necessary decisions and is able to tackle the difficult situation. It also helped to boost up employees morale. Leading Theory Leadership is helpful to focus to the management approach, which works towards what is suitable for the organisation and for the stakeholders. Their leading power of the organisational leaders will be able to reflect the performance of the individual employees. In the opinion of Odetunde (2013), a leader is assumed to be someone having clear vision, which is required to follow in order to achieve the goal of the business. On the other hand, it can be menti0oned that keeping mind the business objectives, the leaders implement organisational strategies and also formulate plans. Therefore, Contrafatto and Burns (2013) mentioned that three dimensions of leadership are what to do, how to meet the vision and who will be idea to carry out the strategies? Figure 1: Three strategies of leadership (Source: Created by author) There are five types of leadership style such as Laissez faire, autocratic, participative, transactional and transformational, which can be followed by the organisations. The laissez faire leader will be able to identify the organisational shortcomings and then supervise and motivate the performance of employees in order to improve their individual performance (Hyde,Harris and Boaden2013). In this type of leadership approach, it can be observed that no leadership or no supervision efforts will be received from the managers, which will in turn lead to the poor production along with the increasing cost structure. On the other hand, in case of autocratic leadership style, the managers of an organisation do not involve the employees in the decision making process. The participative leadership style is the adverse leadership style of autocratic. In the participative or democratic leadership style, the managers allow the employees to take part in the decision making process. As a result, Bourne (2016) cited that participative leadership style can boost up the performance of the employees. As per the transactional leadership style, the leaders are willing to provide awards or also punished the employees based on their performance. Therefore, the employees receive awards after accomplishing the business goal. On the other hand, transformational leadership style is depending upon the higher level of communication between the management and the employees to achieve the business goals (Contrafatto and Burns 2013). Findings After conducting the interview with the managers of Woolworths, it can be observed that Woolworths has followed participative or democratic leadership style. Therefore, Idenand Eikebrokk (2015) opined that the subordinates of Woolworths has the opportunity to take part in the decision making process of the organisation. This leadership style considers the subordinates contributors in any type of organisational performance. As a result, the innovation, creativity, honesty has reflected in the performance of the employees. Analysis In the words of Longoni (2014), democratic leadership style is helpful to solve the complex organisational issues. The organisation would have the potential to work collaboratively, therefore, in case of complex and strategic problems, the democratic leader of Woolworths could take efficient decisions. Moreover, it can be mentioned that greater communication skill between the management and the employees of Woolworths has improved and this would in turn reflect the individual performance of the employees. In addition, creative environment is helpful to increase productivity of the organisation. The bonding between the team members and the managers would also increase. However, Young (2015) argued that Woolworths sometimes faced difficulties during the decision making process. The employees sometimes provide several opinions and it would be difficult to take one single decision. If this situation arises, Tamtaand Rao (2016) mentioned that democratic leadership approach is comparative time consuming. Therefore, the management requires comparatively more time to take decision. However, it can be concluded that democratic leadership is an ideal style to lead the organisation and can improve the employees performance. Controlling Theory Controlling is one of the important tools, which can check the errors in the organisational operation and take corrective action. Therefore, deviation from the standards would be minimised and organisational goals can be achieved in a predicted way. According to Dikshit and Dikshit (2014), it can be mentioned that controlling is a foreseeing activity where the previous concepts of control were used after detecting the errors. Hence, it can be mentioned that control in management is helpful to determine the standards, measuring the actual performance and then take correct action. The four major elements of controlling are: The organisational characteristics can be controlled The sensor The comparator The activator The first element such as characteristics system is able to measure the existing correlation within the organisational operation process. This can also measure how the system is performing (Idenand Eikebrokk2015). This characteristic is the output of the entire system during the stage of processing. With the help of second tool, an organisation can measure the characteristics of the operation. The third element of organisational controlling can determine the necessity of further correction within the business performance. It is an important indicator, which can mitigate the loopholes to improve the performance of the organisations. Changet al. (2016) added that it will involve an essential preventive action, which highlights that good control can achieve the goal of the organisation. Lastly, the activator element is the corrective action, which can return the system to the expected output level. Findings From the interview, it can be identified that the managers of Woolworths are able to identify the new challenges and mistakes of the organisational functions. Moreover, the interviewer has understood that controlling is the last approach of planning, organising, staffing as well as directing. In addition, the management control of Woolworths can determine the standards of the performance of employees; evaluate the actual performance of the employees and also compare this actual performance with the organisational standards. After identifying the differentiation, the managers of Woolworths have planned to take corrective plan (Ibrahimet al. 2015). In this way, Woolworths is able to accomplish the organisational goal. Apart from this, the managers of Woolworths would able to improve the employee motivation as well as also facilitate the coordination in action. Therefore, Woolworths has arranged award program to the best employee. This would in turn motivate the employees to improve the ir performance. Analysis As per the theory of controlling, it can be observed that the organisations aimed to facilitate and motivate the employees. Hence, Woolworths follows to arrange award program in order to enhance the level of motivation of the staffs. In this point, it can be assumed that this organisational strategy is the best practice to understand how the managers successfully manage the Woolworths organisational operation (Wong, Mahmud and Omar 2015). Conclusion The major concern of this study is to highlight the organisational behaviour of Woolworths. Therefore, three managers of this organisation have been chosen on which the interview has been conducted. The interviewer has set 4 open ended questions. Based on their responses, the interviewer has identified that the organisation has focused to the time horizon in order to deliver the products to the consumers. On the other hand, after the interview method, it can be noticed that Woolworths has followed democratic leadership style in their organisation. This proves that Woolworths has given priority to the employees, so that they can take part in the decision making process. In this purpose, the managers of the organisation have aimed to make a greater communication with the subordinates. Lastly, it can be observed that Woolworths has implemented innovative techniques and organisational strategies in order to achieve the goal of the business. As a result, the managers of the organisation i nferred that the revenue earning of the organisation has increased. The profitability statement of Woolworths would be also increased. Recommendation In order to improve the performance of Woolworths, it can be recommended that Woolworths also require to implement the strategy of fair price policy. In this context, it can be mentioned that along with the implementation of ideal time horizon, the organisation also requires to set the price of the product cheap, so that the consumers can afford the price and purchase the products. If Woolworths set higher prices of the products, then the overall sales of the organisation will be decreased. As Woolworths is belonging to a duopoly market and Coles is the major competitor of Woolworths, therefore, the sales of Woolworths will be declined. As a result, the financial position of the organisation within the Australian retailing industry will be decreased. References Alfes, K., Shantz, A.D., Truss, C. and Soane, E.C., 2013. The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model. 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Social and environmental accounting, organisational change and management accounting: A processual view. Management Accounting Research, 24(4), pp.349-365. De Vries, H. and Van der Poll, H.M., 2016. The influence of Lean thinking on organisational structure and behaviour in the discrete manufacturing industry.Journal of Contemporary Management, 13(1), pp.55-89. Dikshit, A.Y. and Dikshit, P.A., 2014. An Empirical Study Of Voluntary Organisational Behaviour: Investigating relationship between personnel Psychology counterproductive work behaviour. ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(3), pp.64-76. Gelens, J., Hofmans, J., Dries, N. and Pepermans, R., 2014. Talent management and organisational justice: employee reactions to high potential identification. Human Resource Management Journal, 24(2), pp.159-175. Hyde, P., Harris, C. and Boaden, R., 2013. Pro-social organisational behaviour of health care workers.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(16), pp.3115-3130. Ibrahim, R., Aziz Amin, A., Ghani, M.A., Hashim, N. and Salleh, M., 2015. Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Readiness: A Demographic Study on Local Government Employees in Southern Region of Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences Humanities, 23. Iden, J. and Eikebrokk, T.R., 2015. The impact of senior management involvement, organisational commitment and group efficacy on ITIL implementation benefits.Information Systems and e-Business Management, 13(3), pp.527-552. Lee, H.H. and Lee, C.Y., 2014. The effects of total quality management and organisational learning on business performance: evidence from Taiwanese insurance industries. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 25(9-10), pp.1072-1087. Longoni, A., 2014. Sustainable operations strategies: the impact of human resource management and organisational practices on the triple bottom line. Springer. Lozano, R., Ceulemans, K. and Seatter, C.S., 2015. Teaching organisational change management for sustainability: designing and delivering a course at the University of Leeds to better prepare future sustainability change agents. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106, pp.205-215. Mahembe, B. and Engelbrecht, A.S., 2014. The relationship between servant leadership, organisational citizenship behaviour and team effectiveness.SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 40(1), pp.01-10. Mullins, L.J., 2013. Management and Organisational Behaviour. UK: Pearson. Odetunde, O.J., 2013. Influence of transformational and transactional leaderships, and leaders' sex on organisational conflict management behaviour. Gender and Behaviour, 11(1), pp.5323-5335. Rhoden, M., 2016.Construction Management and Organisational Behaviour.John Wiley Sons. Tamta, V. and Rao, M.K., 2016.The effect of psychological contract fulfilment on organisational justice, work engagement and knowledge sharing behaviour.International Journal of Management Concepts and Philosophy, 9(4), pp.283-305. Wong, S.C., Mahmud, M.M. and Omar, F., 2015.Spiritual leadership values and organisational behaviour in Malaysian private institutions of higher education.Pertanika Journal Social Sciences Humanities, 23(2), pp.495-507. Wood, J.M., Zeffane, R.M., Fromholtz, M., Wiesner, R., Morrison, R., Factor, A., McKeown, T., Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J.G. and Osborn, R.N., 2016.Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd.. Woolworthsgroup.com.au. (2017).Woolworths Group: Quality Brands and Trusted Retailing. Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/ [Accessed 26 Jan. 2017]. Young, M., 2015. Project Management Research: social Dimensions and organisational Context. Designs, Methods and Practices for Research of Project Management, p.19.

Video recording act 1984 Essay Example For Students

Video recording act 1984 Essay As more and more people in the UK started to rent and buy videos for home use, it was thought that some kind of act should be passed that protected the public’s intrest. The video recordings act was brought in to prevent people from making videos of offensive nature (to some people) and then selling that footage to people who are deemed not suitable to see the footage (under aged) or people who are unaware of the nature of the video. In 1984 the act was passed through parliament and the BBFC (British Board Of Film Censorship) was designated to make sure that videos that are offered for sale or hire in the UK have the correct certificate. It was felt that videos needed to have a stricter rating system than cinema films as they could easily be obtained by under aged persons. The act does not really concentrate on the welfare of animals, but does stop films being made which depict scenes of cruelty, sexual (human/animal) intercourse/activities and mutilation. This act does work in relation with other acts that does protect animals, such as the Protection Of Animals Act 1911, Criminal Justice Public Order and The Performing Animals (regulation) Act 1925 . We will write a custom essay on Video recording act 1984 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The act affects anyone who wishes to sell or hire videos for home, public use. The act may also effects people who have unlicensed videos for home use (extreme cases)The video recordings act states that:1) Videos must be classified by designated authority (The president or vice president of the BBFC). That the certificate must reflect the videos suitability for home use. 2) Videos Must Not Contain Graphic Footage of –Explicit sexual acts between humans or human/animal. Cruelty of animals (as stated in the Protection of Animals Act 1911). Extreme violence to animals or people (particularly children and women). Enjoyment from sexual assaults (human or animal). Scenes that would cause great distress to Animals. These are the main points that effect animals, the rest of the act talks about the classification of the videos and footage in relation to people. 3) That it is an offence to sell such videos to any one under the certificate age. Videos are still allowed to show mild cruelty (depending in what context), for example when they hurl the cow out of the castle in Monty pythons quest for the Holy Grail (15 cert). A Recent Amendment that affects the actCriminal Justice ; Public Order Amendment to the Video Recordings Act 1994 This requires that the Board pays special regard to: harm to potential viewers (including potential underage viewers). Harm to society through viewers behaviour violent behaviour and incidents horrific behaviour or incidents human sexual activities If you sell or hire out pre-recorded video tapes then this Act applies to you. Also the act was slightly changed in 1993 to make certain amendments under sections 1,2,3,4 and 5 that affect prosecutions. The act states that it does not apply to material that:Is designed to inform (cruelty connection), educate or instruct people. Is concerned with sport (bull fighting), religion or music This exemption is however forfeited if the work shows, gross scenes of the following: Human sexual activity or acts of forced sexual activity. Mutilation or torture of, or other gross violence towards, humans or animals. Techniques likely to be useful in the commission of offences. †Exemption is also forfeit if a work is likely to encourage sexual activity or acts of force associated with it, violence, or the commission of criminal offences. In such cases the work must be classified by the BBFC before it can be legally distributed.†As it has been stated before, the BBFC controls which films are released in the UK and what certificate they are given. However it is not the BBFC who is left to control the enforcing of the act but the local council fair trading standards officers. Due to the new 1993 amendments the time limit for prosecutions is 3 years, if the offender has not been prosecuted after 3 years no charges are enforced. Any person that is prosecuted for an offence under the act may have their sale of goods licence removed and face either a fine or a term in jail. .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf , .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf .postImageUrl , .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf , .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf:hover , .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf:visited , .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf:active { border:0!important; } .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf:active , .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub19b85aa06b9ea93b5ee1dab17009ccf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Rate of the Reaction of Catechol to Benzoquino EssayAs it has clearly been seen the act really was made to prevent the public gaining the â€Å"wrong† type of viewing material. That they may go on and put into practice, such as the James Bulcher case were 2 boys apparently re-enacted a childsplay film on a younger boy. If the boys had never seen a film such as childsplay then they may have not performed such an act. It also may stop certain acts of cruelty on animals from being performed in this country, if someone made a film where animals were treated incorrectly then it would not be published, so there would be no point in making the film as they would lose m oney and could be held for charges under the animal protection act 1911. The act can also stop animals from getting to distressed, as the BBFC will not pass a film in which they think an animal has suffered great distress. An example of this is in the film No Fear, No Die (a French film) which has scenes of animal cruelty and cock fighting. No animals where actually harmed in the making of the film and the cock fighting scenes were fake (or the blades were at least). There are loopholes in the act such as computer games, a game called carmageddon in which you gain points by running over people and animals. This game did have a 15 certificate but the question still remains would it have been allowed to be released if it was a film?. Bibliography:

the importance of Organizational Culture in management The WritePass Journal

the importance of Organizational Culture in management Introduction the importance of Organizational Culture in management IntroductionImplications for Multicultural OrganizationsConclusionRelated Introduction Organizational culture, the most influential of the past several decades has been the largest and concepts of management buzzwords. Hofstede (1997) report that the term as a synonym for organizational culture, organizational climate appeared during the 1960s. Corporate culture after the publication of several popular press in the 1980s, general management buzzword (Deal and Kennedy, 1982 Davis, 1984) has become. Interrelated academic and popular management literature the culture and its impact is reflected in the subjects, there is widespread belief that the organizational culture, organizational effectiveness near (Denison and Mishra, 1995; Kilmann Saxton, and Serpa, 1985; Weiss, 1996) is related. The culture of organizational problems often cause a comfortably vague and is all inclusive. Some examples of the proposed impact of organizational culture remains strong interest in why the concept can underscore. Culture, a source of competitive advantage (Ott, 1989; Peters and Waterman, 1982, Wilkins and amp; Barney, 1986 Ouchi, 1983) as has been explored, although others have limited empirical evidence (Denison and Mishra, 1995 strongly support, Fey and Denison, 2003). Attention post-merger/acquisition integration (Olie, 1990 and 1994; Vaara, 1999; Veiga, Lubatkin, Calori and 2000 very,; Nahavandi and Malekzadeh, 1988 very Calori and Lubatkin, 1993) has been in the organizational culture . Also, organizational culture, success or failure of large-scale efforts to change (Beer and Nohria, 2000 has emerged as a major factor, Brill and Worth, 1997; Burke, 1994; Jick and Peiperl, 2003; Pascale Millemann and Gioja, 1997). In a review of recent diversity literature Jackson, Joshi and Erhardt (2003) report results of studies exploring effects of organizational culture on diversity dynamics. Ely and Thomas (2001 ) contend that diversity is more likely to lead to positive outcomes if organizational culture stresses integration and learning. Cox and Tung (1997) argue that the degree of structure and informal integration in an organization will influence outcomes of diversity. Polzer, Milton and Swann (2002) suggest organizational cultures may influence the process of identity negotiation and that teams are more likely to benefit from diversity when team members identities are verified by reflected appraisals of other team members. Definitions of organizational culture reflects the dichotomy in the conceptualization, although some researchers have developed integration frameworks (eg Martin, 1992; Ott, 1989). On the one hand, culture is seen in practices and behaviors how things are done here (Drennan, 1992, p. 1). Other conceptualize culture in practices that support. In 1992 Hunt say about culture as the value, beliefs ​​and attitudes which shows how the company perceive and Interpretation of events. The same applies to Davis (1984), involves the culture of beliefs and values ​​that give meaning and organization provide members with rules of behavior. Schein (1985) argues that organizational culture should be reserved for the deeper level of basic assumptions and beliefs that are shared by members of an organization, that operate unconsciously and define in a basic taken for acquired fashion an organization seen by himself and his environment (p. 6). Others, such as Hampden-Turner (1990) see culture as a concept fill levels and function at the subconscious level visible and concrete. Hofstede (1997) defines organizational culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of an organization from another (p. 180), but he also argues that the common perception of daily practices must be considered the core of an organization of culture (p. 182-83).Multicultural Organizations: Opportunities and Challenges Much has been written about problems and benefits of diversity in cross-cultural management and diversity literature (e.g. Adler, 2002; Cox Blake, 1991;Elron, 1997; Ely Thomas, 2001; Gentile, 1996; Robinson Deschant, 1997; Watson, Johnson Merritt, 1998). During the past decade, however, there has been an interesting shift in the rhetoric of diversity. Thomas and Ely (1996) cite the increasing emphasis on diversity as a spur for greater organizational effectiveness. Robinson and Deschant (1997) argue that diversity makes good business sense. Popular diversity discourse aside, however, diversity does not automatically lead to greater organizational effectiveness. Although there is general acknowledgement that cultural diversity offers numerous potential benefits to an organization, those benefits may not be realized unless they are purposefully pursued. Moreover, the challenges presented by diversity may negatively impact organizational performance unless properly managed. What are the benefits and challenges of a multicultural organization? When employees representing nine nationalities, who work in eight multicultural organizations in Luxembourg answered those questions they discussed advantages and disadvantages for both organizations and individuals (Trefry, 2001). Without exception those interviewed saw multicultural diversity as an important asset for organizations. They reported organizational advantages such as: a) the possibility of matching employees with diverse customers/clients; b) ability to apply knowledge of different cultures to business projects; c) better decision-making and problem-solving after considering diverse perspectives; and d) more creativity and innovation in products, services and organizational processes. In addition, however, to echoing benefits described in the diversity literature, Luxembourg respondents emphasized personal benefits such as: a) greater personal ability to cope with the unexpected; b) broadening of the ir perspectives on any given issue; c) greater tolerance and acceptance of others differences; d) greater flexibility in their own personal behavior, communication and interaction styles; and e) enhanced self-insight. Interestingly enough, it is understanding the logic of personal benefits cited and applying it at an organizational level that offers insight on how organizations can achieve maximum value from a culturally diverse workforce. Implications for Multicultural Organizations Although multicultural organizations are increasingly the norm, most are just beginning to strategically deal with their cultural diversity. Thus we come back to the primary premise of our exploration: organizational culture has the potential for even greater impact in multicultural organizations because it can intensify both the benefits and the challenges of cultural diversity, and thus indirectly, affect potential competitive advantage. Yet how is it that multicultural organizations manage the challenges and achieve the maximum benefit from their cultural diversity? The answer lies in the nature of the organizational culture as well as a strategic approach to harnessing diversity for benefit of the organization. It is the strategic utilization of cultural differences that creates real competitive advantage for the organization (Schneider Barsoux, 2003). A metaphor of organizational culture as a double-edged sword that cuts in numerous directions seems appropriate. Organizational culture can exacerbate the challenges of diversity. It can also intensify potential benefits. At the practices level organizational culture can facilitate integration; at the level of business assumptions and shared frames of reference guiding how the work of the organization is accomplished there is potential danger that a strong culture can downplay or even negate the advantages of cultural diversity. Too much uniformity in mental models about ways work is approached may encourage employees to accept existing paradigms for the organizations work without ever questioning them. How can organizations create a culture that values differences and purposefully facilitates cultural synergy, as it has been labeled by Adler (2002)? The question leads us to a paradox which needs to be explored at both practices and underlying values, beliefs and assumptions levels of culture. At the practices level organizational norms are operationalized by processes, procedures and policies. Yet acceptance of the value of multiple perspectives and approaches means there is both individual and organizational flexibility to sometimes act outside of delineated policies, processes and procedures and that diverse approaches can co-exist and influence each other. Pascale (1990) describes this paradox as a vector of contention between mandatory and discretionary systems and charges managers with responsibility for orchestrating the tension and harnessing contending opposites (p. 34). Managing this tension between opposites, however, is a significant challenge. The traditional western managerial mindset has stressed consistency of policies and procedures in order to reduce ambiguity and promote internal integration (Senge, 1990). Indeed the common assumption has been that effective organizations have strong, highly consistent and well integrated cultures (Saffold, 1988). Yet there has also been increasing recognition of an organizational irony: well-integrated organizations are often the least responsive to changing conditions (Kanter, Stein Jick, 1992). Success in todays continually changing environments requires that people in organizations think in different ways, learn, and adapt to evolving circumstances. It is such requirements that underscore the need to purposefully explore organizational culture at the underlying beliefs, values and assumptions level. Thinking in different ways, learning and appropriate adaptation can only happen if there is continual questioning of organizational frames of reference those constellations of beliefs, values and assumptions that determine how the organization approaches its business. Here the insight regarding personal benefits of working in a multicultural environment seems applicable. Multicultural team members in Trefrys study (2001) attributed their broadened perspectives, increased personal tolerance, flexibility and adaptability to their exposure to different ways of thinking and their consequent reexamination of their own perspectives. Thus as Gentile (1996) so eloquently asserts, it is precisely through our interactions and confrontations with difference-of perspective, of prior experience, of style, of identity- that we come to recognize the limits of our own perspectives, experiences, and styles (p. 1). The same logic can apply at both individual and organizational levels. Exposure to different values, beliefs, assumptions and perspectives can lead to broadening our frames of reference, whether at a personal level or an organizational level. Indeed Trefry Vaillant (2002) suggest that individuals and organizations actually learn from expanding the frames of reference through which they view and interpret what they see and experience thus increasing their awareness of alternative ways to act. Developing a greater range of options can promote organizational flexibility, enabling adaptation to the needs of specific contexts. Insight facilitated by expanded frames of reference can be used to generate new approaches to business issues and practices. Conclusion Thus challenging existing organizational assumptions and broadening frames of reference offers a rich potential for increased effectiveness and competitive advantage. The organizational learning must go beyond exploration of differences, however. The goal is to integrate different approaches and frames of reference into new, more sophisticated approaches and organizational frames of reference. Adler (2002) argues that culturally synergistic organizations reflect the best aspects of all members cultures in their strategy, structure, and process without violating the norms of any single culture (p. 108). They utilize the naturally divergent thinking of people with different cultural backgrounds to solve problems, make decisions, and develop new approaches to products, services, and organizational processes

List of Noble Metals

List of Noble Metals Here is a list of noble metals, which are metals that resist oxidation and corrosion. RutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGold Some lists include mercury as a noble metal. Rhenium is also included as a noble metal by some scientists and engineers. While noble metals retain their shiny color, base metals tend to oxidize in moist air. However, some metals that resist corrosion are not considered noble metals. These include titanium, niobium, and tantalum. In atomic physics, the noble metal group consists of copper, silver, and gold. Only these three elements have completely filled d-subshells. Most noble metals are valuable and rare, yet the noble metals are not exactly the same as the precious metals. See a chart of noble and precious metals. Source Brooks, Robert R., ed. (1992). Noble Metals and Biological Systems: Their Role in Medicine, Mineral Exploration, and the Environment. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. ISBN 9780849361647.

Mortgage markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mortgage markets - Essay Example In general the beliefs of the people on the mortgage bonds may affected by the interest rate shock. The interest rate shock can be absorbed when the bonds are backed by Government. The size of the GSE mortgage portfolios coupled with discipline in the market helped by interconnectivity of the international financial institutions, led to the possibility of a result that is not precedent. These bonds can become liquid when the firms unwind their positions due to losses. The other firms loss will create liquidity in the illiquid GSEs. The trends that affect the mortgage market is the losses and gains in the international markets as they are interconnected.The danger of long term investment that rely on the presumption of liquidity are important for transparency. These help in disclosure also. The complexity is considered as enemy of stability in case of mortgage bonds. The confidence in hedging strategies may lead to complacency and produces the opposite effect in the absence of liquidi ty. Yet times it is considered that the complexity also helps in stability of mortgage bonds and capital markets. The paper focuses on the trends of the market and the complexity that can result in stability. The mortgage bonds would be more stable when the financial markets and the guarantee of liquidity depend on the risk management also. As a single firm is considered it can be termed as complex. There will be a division of labor in the case of interest rate risk management. The portfolios can be comprised with fixed rate mortgages as loans or mortgage backed securities. 2. Trends in Financial markets The markets of major equity have resumed growth in 2006 as regaining levels reached before May June correction. This trend is due to the healthy corporate balance sheets and robust earnings growth. The low default rates and investor sentiment has remained positive. These are capable of increasing tension in the markets due to the turbulence and somewhat increased levels of historical and implied volatility. Name Value Change 100 6,649.3 -15.2 250 11,797.5 -39.7 techMk 1,601.8 -1.4 All Sh 3,435.1 -18.8 Sm Cap 4,095.5 -14.5 The above statistical chart is obtained from http://www.moneyweek.com/file/14905/how-us-mortgage-debt-could-cause-a-global-financial-crisis.html The central banks of different countries have withdrawn liquidity and short term interest rates are raised. These have not been matched at the long end. In case of mortgage bond markets regarding corporate organizations the past turbulence may spread to the 2007 or declined. These spreads have a chance of spreading in 2007 and these should be maintained at low levels. The major corrections in the equity markets internationally spread fears of increasing inflation in the concerned countries. As the higher interest rates decreased growth and increased inflation all over the globe, this can be termed as turbulence or liquidity in the mortgage or bond markets. In 2006 some major markets dropped back to levels of 2005 and implied losses. Though there are losses the steep gains in the previous market neutralized the present ones. These results are recorded in Japan or in Euro area. In the second half of 2006 the euro area broad market index fell back to January 2006 levels. In the same per iod the broad market index of US is slightly less than 9 percent. After that the volatility of major indices increased and continued to rise. This is in spite of regaining in the markets. The volatility decreased after July and remained at previous correction levels. This indicates the increased uncertainty on the part of investors. As all the major indices have remained below the stock market volatility, the forward looking measure can corroborate the view

What I learn from Analects Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What I learn from Analects - Personal Statement Example The three major themes of the book are social philosophy, political philosophy, and education (The China Reviews 165). In this paper, the author explains what they have learned from the book as far as these themes are concerned. In the process, they relate their lessons to their personal experiences. The paper is based on Lau D. C’s 1979 translation of the book. From the book, I learn certain qualities a good leader should possess. For instance, a good leader should be disciplined, lead by example and correct their subjects with compassion (Lau 18:19) rather than by punishing them (Lau 15:5). Confucius, in arguing against punishment as a means of leading people, claimed that over time, the subjects will become contemptuous of punishments and the tool will become ineffective. If, on the other hand, they are led by a sense of virtue, a person’s conscience will convict them of their wrongdoing and they will refrain from it in the future. Whereas this is not the first time I am reading on the qualities of a good leader, Confucius’ prescription stands out: it is simple and practical. This is in spite the fact that the philosopher failed to popularize his ideas in the China of his day partly because the political leadership depended heavily on punitive laws. Indeed, from the various leadership positions I have served in, I can confirm many of Confucius’ qualities of a good leader. For instance, I have come to appreciate the importance of leading by example. This quality, for instance, demands that if as a leader I assign tasks; at the next meeting, I must be the first person to have completed my task. In addition, when I convene meetings, I must arrive punctually. On correcting people, I have learned that it is much easier for me to win the cooperation of a non-cooperative member extending small gestures of kindness. For instance, I may assign the member a simple task and promise to buy them lunch if they accomplish the task well. This

The Rape of Lucretia Essay Example for Free

The Rape of Lucretia Essay Roman culture was largely based on the citizens’ honor. Honor was one of the most important aspects of a Roman citizen’s life. Honor was very important to Roman society. Lucretia displayed her honor in two ways, first she served Sextus Tarquinius and his men, and then she killed herself after being raped by Sextus Tarquinius, the son of the king. â€Å"I will absolve myself of blame, and I will not free myself from punishment. No women shall use Lucretia as her example of dishonor. † Conlatinus tried to persuade her saying she did not have to kill herself and she had done no wrong. She could not live with herself because she was violated. â€Å"They promised her that they would pursue him, and they tried to appease her sorrow, saying that it was the soul that did no wrong and not the body, and because she had no intention, she did no wrong.† They tried to tell her she had done nothing wrong, that she had no intention to be raped, but that failed. â€Å"Then she took up the knife which she had hidden beneath her robe, and plunged it through her heart.† Conlatinus, her husband, knelt by her side. She would have died a dishonorable woman if she did not kill herself. Also by killing herself, she could not be used as a source of dishonor and shame for Roman society. Brutus then took the knife and said â€Å"By this blood, which was so pure before the crime of the prince, I swear before you, O gods, to chase the King Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, with his criminal wife and all their offspring, by fire, iron, and all the methods I have at my disposal, and never to tolerate Kings in Rome evermore, whether of that family of any other.† He used this as an example to end the reign of Kings in Rome. This showed vast honor, promising to avenge his friend’s wife by pursuing the king’s entire family for the horrible crime Sextus committed.

Brave new world essay :: essays research papers

New?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World illustrates a colorful, fantastic universe of sex and emotion, programming and fascism that has a powerful draw in a happy handicap. This reality pause button is called â€Å"Soma†. â€Å"Take a holiday from reality whenever you like, and come back without so much as a headache or a mythology.† ( Huxley 54 ).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his universe, Soma is the cure for everything. All problems, be they psychological, physical, or social are totally forgotten, their lurking shadows temporarily banished from sight. What is worrisome about this futuristic fabrication is its ideal reality. People in our current and very non-fictional times are taking steps toward the world of massive Soma use and acceptation. When one stops, and sees the world today, Huxley’s idea of the common drug; cure all, pleasant, and religion-exterminating seems to be a reasonable estimation of our future developments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drugs are used to escape the real and move into the surreal world of one’s own imaginations, where the pain is gone and one believes one can be happy. People look on their life, their world, their own reality, and feel sickened by the uncaringly blunt vision. Those too weak to stand up to this hard life seek their escape. They believe this escape may be found in chemicals that can alter the mind, placing a delusional peace in the place of their own depression: â€Å"Euphoric, narcotic, pleasantly halucinant,† (52). They do this with alcohol, acid, crack, cocaine, heroine, opium, even marijuana for the commoner economy. These people would rather hide behind the haze than deal with real problems. â€Å"...A gramme is better than a damn.† (55).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This becomes such common practice that many times the addiction is more than physical, but emotional need sets in. Why should one suffer the pain of life when it takes so little to escape them? â€Å"One cubic centimeter cures ten gloomy sentiments,† (54). It is found to be too easy to avoid all of their problems with one little pill, vial, needle, blotter, leaf, or bottle. The drug seems to be the easiest way, the path of least resistance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This practice is widespread; any population the fits today’s guidelines of â€Å"civilization† has some kind of drug that provides the escape route, if not a variety of them. The idea of drug induced escape is so ground in that medical professions give in to it today. Psychiatrists are capable of prescribing drugs that soothe the mind, and ease the pain in the troubled patient.

Popular Kids vs Unpopular Kids Essay

Everyone wants to be the popular kid in high school right? Not always true because popularity isn’t always as great as it looks. Belonging in the popular social group in high school can be a rough place for some individuals. In other words, the grass isn’t always greener on the other side. While unpopular teens wish to join the other side, they should consider a few things before making a rash decision. While pondering through the negative effects of being popular, one that stands out is the type of people one would become involved with. We all desire to have truthful and caring friends. However, not every person in the popular click is truthful and caring. Before choosing a click, one should think about the typical characteristics that are associated with that click. Their intention might not be to bring out the best in a friend but the worst. One moment a teenager will be talking to another as friends, and then the next moment they’ve already started talking behind their backs about one another. Aren’t true friends supposed stand up for each other and stand by their side? Of course they are, however, it seems that the unpopular click gets along better because they treat their friends in the same way that they would want to be treated. Another aspect to be aware of when considering the popular click is peer pressure. Being popular has a tendency to come with standards. When one does not meet up to the expectations of the group, he or she is often subjected to peer pressure or humiliation. Many give into peer pressure to avoid being humiliated. Peer pressure typically results in someone acting irresponsible and foolish to prove some kind of loyalty like a gang. Consequences of such actions can involve disappointment from parents or even the police! Now why would a true friend try to jeopardize his or her friend’s future? In the end, we’re better off with just a couple of best friends rather than a group of two-faced popular friends who only care about themselves. Drama is another reason to consider before joining a popular click. Just imagine the sound of a thousand flies buzzing down the hallway with the latest gossip. In a matter of one day, one comment could be transformed into a rumor and spread through the whole school like wild fire. Drama inevitably corrupts most teens but popular teens thrive on it like an addiction, and sometimes create lies just to ruin one’s reputation. True friends, who might not be the most popular kids in school, but they would also never talk about a friend behind his or her back just to gain a higher reputation with the popular click (Article one). Staying out of drama can help one feel less stressed. Avoiding it can also stop individuals from getting involved in something they might regret. Gossip is difficult to find roaming among the unpopular group because they rarely feel the need to seek attention or hurt someone’s feelings by spreading rumors. They are already content and aware of how to treat individuals as they would like to be treated. When the weekend hits it is common for the popular click to go out and party. Everyone hears the stories of how drunk someone got or how the cops busted a few unfortunate teenagers. Even the best of teens get peer pressured into going to the weekend party and drinking. All of this obnoxious partying is not appropriate for a 15 to 18 year old teenager. Those â€Å"cool parties† consist of high school kids that don’t know other ways to have fun or just get drunk to escape their problems. Teens have to step up and realize that they are capable of having a good time and overcoming problems with better solutions. Overall, it will exponentially impact adulthood by being able to handle problems positively. In conclusion, before making an impulsive decision to conform to the popular click, teens should consider the reasons that were previously illustrated. The treatment of two-faced friends, spreading drama, and obnoxious parties are all valid reasons to just ignore the desire to be on the wrongfully admired click. It’s better to be happy with a few true friends who treat others in the manner of respect. Perhaps, we are also better off living in harmony with our beliefs instead of trying to compromise and conform. Being the same is boring! The popular group thrives on people who will conform. So let’s celebrate our unique skills to experience some variety and express our true individuality.

Importance of Vocational Education Essay

Vocational education (education based on occupation or employment) (also known as vocational education and training or VET) is education that prepares people for specific trades, crafts and careers at various levels from a trade, a craft, technician, or a professional position in engineering, accountancy, nursing, medicine, architecture, pharmacy, law etc. Craft vocations are usually based on manual or practical activities, traditionally non-academic, related to a specific trade, occupation, or vocation. It is sometimes referred to as technical education as the trainee directly develops expertise in a particular group of techniques. In the UK some higher technician engineering positions that require 4-5 year apprenticeship require academic study to HNC / HND or higher City & Guilds level. Vocational education may be classified as teaching procedural knowledge. This can be contrasted with declarative knowledge, as used in education in a usually broader scientific field, which might concentrate on theory and abstract conceptual knowledge, characteristic of tertiary education. Vocational education can be at the secondary, post-secondary level, further education level and can interact with the apprenticeship system. Increasingly, vocational education can be recognised in terms of recognition of prior learning and partial academic credit towards tertiary education (e. g. , at a university) as credit; however, it is rarely considered in its own form to fall under the traditional definition of higher education. Vocational education is related to the age-old apprenticeship system of learning. Apprenticeships are designed for many levels of work from manual trades to high knowledge work. However, as the labor market becomes more specialized and economies demand higher levels of skill, governments and businesses are increasingly investing in the future of vocational education through publicly funded training organizations and subsidized apprenticeship or traineeship initiatives for businesses. At the post-secondary level vocational education is typically provided by an institute of technology, university, or by a local community college. Vocational education has diversified over the 20th century and now exists in industries such as retail, tourism, information technology, funeral services and cosmetics, as well as in the traditional crafts and cottage industries.

Geography of Pakistans Provinces and Capital Territory

Geography of Pakistan's Provinces and Capital Territory Pakistan is a country located in the Middle East near the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. The country is known as having the sixth largest population in the world and the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia, is a developing nation with an underdeveloped economy and it has a hot desert climate combined with cold mountainous areas. Most recently, Pakistan has experienced severe flooding that has displaced millions and destroyed a large part of its infrastructure. The country of Pakistan is divided into four provinces and one capital territory for local administration (as well as several federally administered tribal areas). The following is a list of Pakistans provinces and territory, arranged by land area. For reference, population and capital cities have also been included. Capital Territory 1) Islamabad Capital Territory Land Area: 906 sq kmPopulation: 805,235Capital: Islamabad Provinces 1) Balochistan Land Area: 347,190 sq kmPopulation: 6,565,885Capital: Quetta 2) Punjab Land Area: 205,345 sq kmPopulation: 73,621,290Capital: Lahore 3) Sindh Land Area: 140,914 sq kmPopulation: 30,439,893Capital: Karachi 4) Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Land Area: 74,521 sq kmPopulation: 17,743,645Capital: Peshawar Sources Central Intelligence Agency. (19 August 2010). CIA - The World Factbook - Pakistan. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html Wikipedia.org. (14 August 2010). Administrative Units of Pakistan - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan

United States Law - About the United States Code

United States Law - About the United States Code The United States Code is the official compilation of all general and permanent federal laws enacted by the U.S. Congress through the legislative process. The laws compiled into the United States Code should not be confused with federal regulations, which are created by the various federal agencies to enforce the laws enacted by Congress.The United States Code is arranged under headings called titles, with each title containing laws pertaining to particular subjects such as The Congress, The President, Banks and Banking and Commerce and Trade. The current (Spring 2011) United States Code is made up of 51 titles, ranging from Title 1: General Provisions, to the most-recently added, Title 51: National and Commercial Space Programs. Federal crimes and legal procedures are covered under Title 18 - Crimes and Criminal Procedure of the United States Code. Background In the United States, laws can be enacted by the federal government, as well as all local, county and state governments. All laws enacted by all levels of government must be written, enacted and enforced according to the rights, freedoms and responsibilities contained in the U.S. Constitution. Compiling the United States Code As the final step of the U.S. federal legislative process, once a bill has been passed by both the House and Senate, it becomes an enrolled bill and is sent to the President of the United States who may either sign it into law or veto it. Once laws have been enacted, they are incorporated into the United States Code as follows: The official text of new laws is sent to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) - a division of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).The OFR confirms that the official text of the laws is accurate and authorizes the Government Printing Office (GPO) to distribute the text as Public and Private Laws, also called slip laws.Volumes of enacted laws are assembled annually by the National Archivist and published by the GPO in a form called the United States Statutes at Large. In the Statutes at Large, the laws have not been arranged by subject matter and do not include amendments that might have been made to earlier laws. However, every law, public and private, ever enacted by the Congress is published in the Statutes at Large in order of the date of its passage. Since the Statutes at Large are not organized by subject matter, or dependably updated when laws are repealed or amended, they are extremely hard to search and are of little use to researchers. To the rescue comes the United States Code, maintained by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel (LRC)  of the U.S. House of Representatives. The LRC takes the laws or statutes added to the Statutes at Large and determines which ones are new and which existing laws have been amended, repealed or have expired. The LRC then incorporates the new laws and changes into the United States Code. Accessing the United States Code There two most widely used and dependable sources for accessing the most current version on the Untied States Code are: The Office of the Law Revision Counsel (LRC): Maintained by the House of Representatives, the LRC is the only official source of the most current versions of statutes and amendments in the United States Code.   Cornell University School of Law LII: Cornells LLI - Legal Information Institute - is often cited as the most linked to web resource in the field of law and its United States Code index certainly lives up to that reputation. Along with several conveniently arranged indexes and flexible ways to search the Code, each page of the Code features a How Current is This? button providing researchers with the most current updates. LLI tries to incorporate any new laws or amendments authorized by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel within 24 hours. The United States Code does not include federal regulations issued by executive branch agencies, decisions of the federal courts, treaties, or laws enacted by state or local governments. Regulations issued by executive branch agencies are available in the Code of Federal Regulations. Proposed and recently adopted regulations may be found in the Federal Register. Comments on proposed federal regulations may be viewed and submitted on the Regulations.gov website.

Applied Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Applied Ethics - Assignment Example The responsibility of educators is to ensure that they have the highest standards of conducts. Social justice is facilitated when educators abide by the codes of ethics. The code of ethics that offers practical advice that would help me to make ethical decisions states is the School Ethics Act (State Of New Jersey Department Of Education, 2010). It states that public trust is a fundamental issue. Consequently, one should endeavor to enforce and uphold all rules, laws and regulations of the State Board of Education. The code provides a set of principles and values that will guide my conduct and decision making when I face with ethical issues (State Of New Jersey Department Of Education, 2010). In addition, the application of the code gives a context in which the code is considered. The situation that could have a better outcome if I had adhered to a professional code of ethics is an instance when I received a gift from a state education officer, but failed to disclose the gift to the department head (Felicio & Pieniadz, 1999). This situation led to accusations of bribery. If I had adhered to a professional code, I would have disclosed the gift to a state officer. This would help in reducing notions that the gift was a

Decision Making Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decision Making - Research Paper Example Ron felt the cost of buying that additional equipment is higher. As the machine has been bought a year back inclusion of these items should be of some use. It should not incur an extra cost. The equipments have to be effective in improving the machine's performance. Ron hesitated to accept the deal in the beginning. If the item is bought, there should be some savings in the cost. The cost of the parts was higher. Although the sales person was explaining Ron about its uses, he was not sure of going in for that product. The sales person then explained Ron about its total cost. The cost seemed to be higher but the sales person then said the initial amount is high. But this investment will be of great use. The initial cost is more but the average amount of that equipment will amount to $1 per day. The executive said this cost will be less than the normal money spent for a soda can. Then Ron started thinking about its benefits. As it was impressive he thought investing some more on that machine will definitely help in the future. Hence he decided to buy the additional equipments. Ron's decision will help in the longer run of the machine, which is an advantage to the company. The decision taken by Ron will be beneficial as it ensures some advantages to the machine and the company. Any decision cannot be taken without analyzing its pros and cons. (Lynch 2009).Equipment cannot be bought since it will be of some use which may lead to some problem in the future. The way Ron handled the situation was correct as getting an item without knowing its purpose and use will not be of any help. As a production manager of a company Ron has some responsibilities of selecting and getting goods that should bring profit to the organization. It is difficult to come to a conclusion without thinking how far it will help the existing machine. In the beginning of the meeting Ron listened to the sales executive's ideas and her opinion about the equipment's use. Then he thought about the various criteria like cost and life of the machine. The presentation had the entire details of the item, the advantages and the features of it. It also showed the options and it clearly explained its usage. Then Ron felt the cost of the additional parts is higher than expected. The sales person started explaining that investing in this equipment will help in increasing the production and the average amount will be $1 a day. Ron then gave it a thought whether it will be worth investing a huge amount on a machine that has been bought a year back. Considering all these options, Ron finalized the purchase of that equipment. The major reason for buying this item is that it can increase the production and will help the company in getting more profit. Although Ron was hesitant to purchase the additional item, after listening to the executive's explanation he changed his decision. Decision has to be taken keeping in mind all its consequences and effects. Any decision may have either a good or bad effect. Proper analysis has to be carried out before making a decision. Decision is made depending on the situation and the issue. The decision made cannot be favorable for everyone in all circumstances. It may lead to improvement or adverse effects on the situation. In this scenario, Ron had to consider several aspects as any wrong step will land them in problem. Any decision cannot be taken as per an individual's wish. Especially in companies a decision has to be made only after

The relationship between narrator and a couple Essay

The relationship between narrator and a couple - Essay Example The woman turns her whole life to writing numerous letters in which she analyzes her present and past experience. Beside her terrible and irreplaceable loss she has to deal with one more problem – her personal betrayal. On the day of the incident she was with another man called Jasper, a famous journalist. The woman cannot forgive herself this and cannot understand herself as well. It is Jasper and his girlfriend Petra who are described in the novel from rather unexpected perspective. The very situation itself in which the main heroine finds herself is bizarre- she is in the center of love triangle however, love affairs seem not to bother her anymore. So speaking about topics such popular as terrorism Chris Cleave manages to show it witty yet seriously. He reflects on the themes of loss, sin, betrayal, loneliness, atonement, and hope. He tells the story not from his point of view but from the perspective of the principal heroine: he looks with her eyes and speaks with her word s. That is why the language of the novel is far from sophisticated however it is sad and ironical at the same time. So the principal heroine is the narrator herself while the listener (which is really strange and unpredictable) is Osama Ben Laden. Obviously the relationship between the couple of Jasper and Petra and the narrator are very tense, strange and specific. First and the most noteworthy thing is the psychological state of the narrator itself. Her grief is literally felt through the words, her loss squeezes from every little sentence. It is not only that she carries this toy rabbit of her dead son with her wherever she goes, it is her eyes, her irony, and her constant and unstable self- analysis. She tries very hard not to fall apart and the only weapon she has is her natural sense of humor and her simplicity. She feels real from the very beginning of the novel and even Jasper seems to be attracted with her

Theories Of Grameen Bank Founder Professor Muhammad Yunus

Theories Of Grameen Bank Founder Professor Muhammad Yunus Microfinance is the provision of financial services by certain institutions known as MFIs such as Cooperative Banks, Community Based-Saving Bank, Credit Unions, development bank to the poor, low income earners, self-employed and small businesses design to address to address issues of poverty. According to MIX in June 2010 there was more than 1800 MFIs in over 100 countries, with 92.4 millions borrowers and 78.5 millions savers in the developing world. The concept of microfinance was created by Professor Muhammad Yunus founder of Grameen bank in Bangladesh. Microfinance includes a range of services such as microcredit, saving, insurance and funds transfer. Traditional banks do not provide facilities to low income earners; they provide services to people after assessing the profile of clients according to certain criteria such as pay, credit history and assets of the clients. According to Hernando De Soto (1989) a Peruvian economist poor people have no assets to provide as collateral t o bank when taking a loan, therefore they are not liable to receive loans from banks. Since poor people do not have access to traditional banks they have to lend money with high interest rates from others sources such as pawnbroker and local money lender sometimes with 100% interest rate as borrowing from them is fast and flexible. Over the last 30 years MFIs have developed new methods with less collateral to offer small loans to low income earners and has grown rapidly in Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe and Latin America where there were few bank infrastructures and where in some cases more than 80 % of the population did not have a bank account. According to CGAP (2008), MFIs are funded by 33 donors of 21 investors such as DFI. Microfinance offers permanent financial facilities for education, health, personal emergencies, disasters, investment opportunities to the poor and it is used as a development tool. MFIs begin as non-profit organization increasingly they are now evolving as profit entities because MFIs are required to have a banking license for saving services. Some MFIs offers non-financial facilities such as health services and business development. In this review we will analyze and see how microfinance contributes to the economic development of a country and the review will be focused on creation of e mployment and the empowerment of women by microfinance. 2.1.1 Professor Muhammad Yunus Theoretical review The concept of microfinance was created by Professor Muhammad Yunus founder of Grameen bank in Bangladesh and noble price winner in 2006.He receives 76 other awards in different countries for his work. Professor Yunus obtainded a doctorate in Economics from Vanderbilt University found in Nashville, Tennessee in the United States. During the famine of 1974 in Bangladesh Professor Muhammad Yunus minor loans of USD27 to 42 poor families for them to buy and sell small articles to allow them to earn a living. The objective behind the loan was to reduce poverty in Bangladesh. Grameen bank was an idea generated by Professor Yunus the bank started as a project at the University of Chittagong as a pilot test to find different ways of providing credit to the poor in the rural area. The Grameen bank offered its services to a village named Jobra near the university; the project was successful and had the support of Bangladesh central bank in 1979. The bank extends its services to Tangail district and to other areas of Bangladesh. In 1983 the Bangladesh Government turns the project into an independent bank and Professor Yunus had a grant from the Ford foundation to incorporate Grameen bank with the support of two bankers namely Mary Houghton and Ron Grzywinkski from Shore bank of Chicago. The Ford foundation was established in 1936 it is an independent nonprofit and nongovernmental organization which help in social change, the organization help to reduce poverty and help in human advancement worldwide by offering subsidies and loans to certain organizations. 2.2.4 Credit Union Mutual societies Grameen bank is a Nobel Prize winner corporation founded in 1983, its headquarter is situated in Dhaka in Bangladesh and the bank is known for its solidarity lending system or banking and is also known as banking to the poor. Solidarity lending is the foundation of microcredit. The word Grameen is derived means village in Bangladesh, the bank incorporates the 16 decisions which is recited by bank borrowers and which they shall abide to them. The 16 decisions comprises the four principles of Grameen bank which are Discipline, Courage, Unity, and Hard work, and the other 15 decisions are resumed as to improve their standard of living and there is the element of togetherness to do social activities to improve their way of living. These sixteen decisions have a positive impact on the inhabitants of Bangladesh where more children have joined school. The bank has different sources of funding; initially huge capital was obtained from donor agency at low rates. During the 1990s the bank has its bulk of capital from the Central bank of Bangladesh and recently from the sales of bonds subsidized by its government. In 1998 The bank make loan to poor people in the form of microcredit as a result of flood in Bangladesh, the repayment rate decreases but recovered afterwards, USD4.7 billions has been loaned in 2005and USD6 billion in 2008. Nowadays the bank has expand more and offers more loans to the poor and in 2006 it has up to 2100 branches in Bangladesh. Due to Grameens success more than 40 countries including the United States in 2008 where 12.6% of the population live below the poverty line have been inspired by the bank to make projects with the same perspective, only Africa which has lag behind. The World Bank has financed the projects. The bank is owned by the poor borrowers of the bank of which the majority are women as the borrowers own 94% of the equity and the remaining 6% is owned by the Government of Bangladesh. The bank has grown to a large extent between 2003-2007 in 2003 the numbers of borrowers have doubled and in October 2007 the number of clients was 7.34 Million of which 97% were women and had a staff of 24703, in 2468 branches over 80257 villages that is the branches have spread in more villages since they were situated in only 43681 villages in 2003 and the repayment rate. Since the banks start ed to operate it has USD6.55 billions as loans USD87 billion has been repaid and the bank claim repayment rate of 98.35% up from the 95% of 1998 but again the Wall Street journal in 2001claim that it doubted the 95% and the accounting standard used by Grameen bank. Grameen started to diversify in the 1980 where it develops into a multi facet group with profit and nonprofit group among which are Grameen fisheries foundation for fisheries project, Grameen Agriculture Foundation for irrigation project, Grameen fund and Grameen Trust.Grameen believe that the concept of giving charity will encourage charity whereas the concept of microcredit will help poor people to exit poverty and the bank invest in children education by providing scholarships and loans for higher education. Grameen Foundation PPI Microfinance in developed countries 2.3.3 Theoretical study of Microcredit Theoretical study According to Boudreaux and Cowen (2008) microcredit is a micro magic and makes the life of the poor becomes easier, it is an alternative to traditional lending of banks. Instead of giving charity to the poor, microcredit is a human way of providing finance to poor people as according to the Chinese proverb Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime, it is an investment in human capital. Microcredit is an innovation in the world of finance it forms part of microfinance, the concept did not exist before the seventies, and it is a small loan rarely exceeding USD200 and usually below USD50 made to the poor or people with low income with little or no collateral. Microcredit clients are those that are considered as near the poverty line, the loans allow micro entrepreneurs to generate an income for a better standard of living. Grameen bank based itself on three Cs namely Character that is the reliability of the people the Capacity to h andle funds and the Capital which is the assets of the borrower such as savings. Microcredit is gaining more credibility in the finance industry and many large organizations are developing microfinance programs for future growth although at the start many were pessimistic about the future of microcredit in the financial system. 50% of the population in many developing countries is self employed and these loans of three months to three years with small interest rates and no collateral help poor people to become financially independent and help to reduce poverty. The microcredit programs helps people to achieve high repayment rate even sometimes more than that of traditional banking because of the system of peer support. In the case of the Grameen bank where there are solidarity groups and it is also known as social capital and is composed of 5 members and each member is responsible for each other success and repayment, but are not guarantees or liable if members default. Nevertheless the members make sure that each one is taking its responsibility to make repayment this act as a motivating factor for the members. Sometimes in real life when a member of the group defaults the other four collaborates together and contribute to pay on behalf of the defaulting member. The microcredit system of Grameen bank is based on Trust and there is no conventional contract between the bank and the borrowers, but the borrowers must have a small account with the bank known as group fund which acts as an insurance in case of an emergency. Women account for 97% of the microcredit client of Grameen bank and this help to empower women as they get access to resources and have a say in decision making since they become micro entrepreneurs. Grameen bank has records of 98% repayment rate from women which is in contradiction with Wall street Journal which says that there is one fifth of the total loan of the bank is overdue but Grameen bank claims in turn that the standard of living of the poor has increased that is they are respecting the 16 decisions of the bank and are able to make a repayment of around 4USD per week. Empirical review of microcredit Grameen bank develop several program for the poor of which one of them is the struggling members program in 2003 which is different from the 5 group member borrowing it consists of distributing interest free loans to beggars in Bangladesh where the banking rules do not apply and where the repayment period is arbitrary for USD1.5 about 3.4 US cents and if they borrower default they are already covered under an insurance paid by the bank itself. This type of loan encouraged the beggars to generate an income by the sales of cheap items, there is a record shown in the microfinance summit 2006 that loans taken by beggars are about USD 833,150 and the repayment is USD 496,900 that is 59.64% repayment rate which according to me is quite encouraging since it is more half of the money loaned. Certain developed countries such as in Canada have try to used the Grameen model but the project has failed due to certain factors such as the risk profile of clients, no taste for joint liability that is the no solidarity between the borrowers, high overhead costs therefore the project does not stand without subsidies in Canada which is contrary to the USA where microcredit has been successful. Sometimes microcredit is subjected to problem such as opportunism and asymmetric information. The first Grameen branch has made a loan of $1.5 million in the USA among which was 600 women and the repayment was very high up to 99%. People took the loan to sell items such as flowers, jewelry clothes and Grameen bank remains unshaken while others collapsed during crisis. Despite the global recession, The President Barack Obama announced the creation of $100 million funds to lend as microcredit to the western hemisphere. Micro Saving Apart from microcredit the need of financial users is increasing, there is demand from 19 million potential savers to have access to micro saving services. They need services that are flexible and adapted to them. Traditionally savings is done by people at home or by normal banks at a high cost which was not encouraging to the poor. Microfinance has brought services such as savings to poor people. Savings help people to feel safer and more stable, and help poor people to manage their money conveniently. Micro saving consists of small deposits, terms and interest rate that is flexible to clients at the same time banks used the money to make loans to poor people. Credit Insurance In 2002 opportunity organization started to give micro insurance services. Its subsidiary MicroEnsure was the first institution offering micro insurance services and provide protection against many risks for the poor. Stakeholders and local insurance worked in collaboration with MicroEnsure to develop and match the needs of the poor. The insurance provided were affordable, they offered agricultural, medical, property and life policy providing a safety net in case of disasters with average premium of USD 1.5 for family with 5members. Medical policies covered even people already suffering from diseases and even those suffering from HIV viruses. Actually MicroEnsure is offering insurance in 5 countries to over 1million poor people and was one of the runner-ups of financial times in June 5 for sustainability award and receives a grant from The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to expand itself in other countries. Microcredit transfer Microcredit Summit The first microcredit summit was held at Washington D.C. on the 24 February 1997, 137 countries were present at the summit with 2900 participants. In the summit they launch a campaign to reach 100 million poorest families that is those people living below the poverty line, with those living with less than USD1.25 a day adjusted to the purchasing power parity (based on 2005 prices) all around the world within nine years especially to empower women as micro entrepreneurs. The objective was nearly achieved in 2005 and in November 2006 the campaign re-launched to 2015 with two new objectives was ensured that 175 millions poorest families especially women are obtaining credit for self employment and for business and financial services. The second objective is to ensure that 100 millions poorest familys worldwide increase to USD1 a day adjusted to the purchasing power parity from 1990 to 2015. The microcredit campaign is the project of the Educational fund from the USA an organization committed to end hunger and poverty around the world. The campaign group together people such as microcredit practitioners, donor agencies, international financial institutions, non -governmental organizations, advocates, and other people involved with microcredit for effective and efficient practices. In August 2008 the World Bank claim that approximately 280 million families live below the poverty line with less than USD1.25 daily. The four core themes of the summit are reaching the poorest, empowering women, building self sufficient and sustainable MFIs, ensuring that microfinance has a positive impact on the lives of the poor The forthcoming Microfinance Summit 2011 will be held in Valladolid, Spain, the summit is believed to improve the microfinance sector and to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. A hundred countries and over 2000 participants are expected in the summit. In the agenda there will be the presentation of new products, job creation with microfinance and best practices among other issues will addressed. Poverty It has been proved that microfinance is the tool to help poor family moved out of poverty and to contribute to the economy of a country. Studies have shown with the microcredit provided by Grameen bank in Bangladesh 48% of the families below the poverty line have exit from poverty. According to some studies with microcredit 5% of the poor could exit the poverty line each year as it is an investment in human capital and improve peoples life. Microcredit is an opportunity for the poor to realize their dreams. Employment Generation Microcredit helps in the generation of employment; therefore it helps in economic development and in a sustainable means of income. With the microcredit poor people are able to earn a living by selling low priced items or to even expand their businesses at the same time they become sustainable and create employment for other people .Microfinance is a mean of creating employment and improving the life of poor people. Women Microfinance more specifically microcredit is an instrument used for the empowerment of women it increase social welfare and enhances gender equity. Microcredit helps women to become economic actors in power. We have heard a lot about the role of women in microfinance, 94% of the borrowers of Grameen bank are women and 97% of the borrowers are owners in the equity of the bank, according to Rankin (2002) the reason behind this is because women invest more in the family than men because of their nurturing instincts and are more devoted towards their families. Women play a crucial role in the economic growth of a country by first improving their family life, their communities and countries. In the microfinance summit provisions are made for the poorest families around but especially for women as they form an important part of microfinance. Women are targeted because they are the one in the family to up bring the children and poverty of the women results in illiteracy of their chil dren and other social problems. Mohhamud Yunus (1999) explains that women are more willing to work harder to raise their children and to move their families out of poverty, whereas when a destitute father earns an income his priorities will more around himself than for his family. In 2005 Kofi Anan promote the year as the UN microfinance year for empowerment of women. Studies have shown that women are good income earner and that women have a high repayment rate. In Nepal with the Women empowerment program 68 % of the women are able to cater for the needs of the family by sending their children to school, buying and selling properties which normally was the duty of the husband. Access to microcredit has increase from 7.6 million in 1997 to 26.8 million in 2001 among which are 21 million women the access to loans enabled them to make economic decisions , to buy assets and resources and to become more independent. . We will look at two among many microcredit stories of women the first one is that of Janet Deval from Haiti who was an illiterate women with a hearing problem she had five children, her husband refused to pay the school fees but she knew that education was important for the children. Janet sold goods in Hinche and pay for her children schools on her own. She started to take literacy classes at Fonkoze a microcredit institution in Haiti. Afterwards Janet knew how to write her name and could things that she couldnt do before since she was never sent to school. Later she took a loan from Fonkoze to be able to expand her business at the market to be able to continue to send her children to school, without the microfinance institution Janet would have been unable to read and write and to even expand her business therefore she would have been able to educate her children. The second case is that of Anastacia Abella from the Philippines, she lived as a squatter in Manila, she lived with her four children in a shelter made from scrap, the village have frequent blackout therefore she decided to search for jar in the garbage to make lamps, after decorating the lamps, she sell 150 of them each day and make a small profit. She took a loan at Opportunity international and she was to make 300 lamps a day, the loan allows her to make greater profit and be able to improve her standard of living. Empirical review Social capital is an important component of microcredit it is used as a tool in development programmes. Social A study was carried out by Forbes Marshall Co .Ltd a well known company in Maharashtra, India as an initiative of CSR about the impact of social capital on social empowerment carried using primary data from 217 women all members of SHG by using random sampling.15 variables were used using Likert scale to know the perceptions of women about the microfinance programs. The conclusion of the study was that the social capital created help in women empowerment but that the organization must give appropriate support and policies to the social capital such as capacity building programmes to help decision making. Islamic microfinance Critics of microfinance Microfinance in Mauritius To coordinate the activities of Grameen Foundation, we have staff based at our headquarters in Washington, D.C., at the Grameen Technology Center in Seattle, Washington and in offices in Los Angeles, Ghana and the Philippines. Overseeing the staff is a Board of Directors. Our Grameen Foundation Advisory Council and our Board Committees and Councils nurture new ideas, innovations, strategic thinking and program development. Much of Grameen Foundations work is done by our network of volunteers who are committed to our mission, some of whom have been working in partnership with us for more than ten years. Alex Counts, President CEO Alex Counts is President and CEO of Grameen Foundation, a nonprofit organization focused on enabling the poor to escape poverty, using microfinance and technology. Counts founded Grameen Foundation and became its CEO in 1997, after having worked in microfinance and poverty reduction for 10 years. Since its modest beginnings, sparked by a $6,000 seed grant provided by Grameen Bank founder (and founding Grameen Foundation board member) Professor Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Foundation has grown to a leading international humanitarian organization with an annual budget of approximately $25 million. A Cornell University graduate, Counts commitment to poverty eradication deepened as a Fulbright scholar in Bangladesh, where he witnessed innovative poverty solutions being developed by Grameen Bank. He trained under Dr. Muhammad Yunus, the founder and managing director of Grameen Bank, and co-recipient of the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize. Counts has propelled Grameen Foundations philosophy through his writings, including Small Loans, Big Dreams: How Nobel Prize Winner Muhammad Yunus and Microfinance Are Changing the World. Counts has also been published in The Washington Post, the International Herald Tribune, the Stanford Social Innovation Review, The Miami Herald, The Christian Science Monitor and elsewhere. In 2007 he received the Distinguished Alumni Award from Horace Mann School. Counts chairs the Fonkoze USA board of directors and is the immediate past chair of Project Enterprises board. He sits on the Advisory Council of the Center for Financial Inclusion, the Advisory Board of the ThinkGlobal Arts Foundation, and he co-chairs the Microenterprise Coalition. He serves on the Board of Directors of two social businesses: Grameen-Jameel Pan-Arab Microfinance Ltd. and YouChange PuRong Information Advisory Co. Ltd., which promote microfinance and related efforts in the Arab World and China respectively. Before leading Grameen Foundation, Counts served as the legislative director of RESULTS and as a regional project manager for CARE-Bangladesh. He speaks fluent Bengali and lives in Washington, DC, with his wife, Emily, and their cat, Seymour. Top Peter Bladin, Executive Vice President, Programs and Regions Peter Bladin is Executive Vice President of Programs and Regions at Grameen Foundation, and the Founding Director of the Grameen Foundation Technology Center. Under his leadership, the Technology Center has led the microfinance industry in driving relevant and appropriate technology innovation, creating information and communications initiatives that benefit the worlds poorest. Peter was a founding member of the MTN-Village Phone board, the first public-private partnership to extend telecommunications access to the rural poor. He is a frequent speaker at international telecommunication and microfinance conferences, and is an Executive Board Member of the International Telecommunications Union Connect the World initiative. Peter is also actively involved with various Seattle-based non-profits, including Global Partnerships and Social Venture Partners. Before joining Grameen Foundation, Peter worked for Microsoft for more than 10 years, managing various projects and departments during his tenure. He has a degree in Mathematics from the University of Uppsala, Sweden. Top Jennifer Meehan, CEO, Asia Region Jennifer Meehan joined Grameen Foundation in February 2005 as the founding Director of the Capital Markets Group, during which time she led the development and launch of the Growth Guarantees product. She subsequently led Grameen Foundations strategic planning process before taking on her current role in January 2009. She is based in Hong Kong. Jennifer has lived in Asia Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Japan, and China since 1996. She started her career in the formal financial sector with Chase Manhattan Bank (now JP Morgan Chase), but made the transition to microfinance following the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. Prior to joining Grameen Foundation, she worked extensively with poverty-focused MFIs throughout Asia including CASHPOR, the Asian network of Grameen Bank Replicators, on financial management, business planning and financing. She has also consulted for Calvert Social Investment Foundation, among others, and published a number of articles. She was a founding investor and, until October 2007, served on the Investment Committee of the Aavishkaar India Micro Venture Capital Fund. Jennifer graduated summa cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa with a B.A. in International Affairs from George Washington University. Top Alberto Solano, CEO, Americas Alberto Solano joined Grameen Foundation in October 2009 and provides leadership and management oversight for our portfolio and activities across the Americas. He also serves as our senior representative in the region. He has more than 10 years experience in microfinance, principally in Latin America, and most recently was the Latin America Program Director for Global Partnerships. He previously worked with the Central American Bank for Economic Integrations microfinance and technical assistance programs in Honduras, and ran his own consulting company specializing in sustainable development and microfinance. Top Julia Soyars, General Counsel and Assistant Corporate Secretary Julia Soyars joined Grameen Foundation in March 2005 and started the Grameen Foundation legal department. After working five years in energy and government contracting law and litigation at Pillsbury, Madison and Sutro in Washington, Julia joined the legal department at The American National Red Cross, where she spent eleven years handling domestic and international transactions. Julia is a founding member of the Microfinance Council of Counsels and is a member of the District of Columbia Bar. Julia holds a JD Magna Cum Laude from Syracuse University. Top Joshua Tripp, Chief Financial Officer Joshua Tripp is Grameen Foundations Chief Financial Officer. Joshua joined Grameen in 2007 after spending seven years at Community Wealth Ventures (CWV), most recently as a Vice President. In his time at CWV, Joshua worked with dozens of innovative nonprofit organizations, helping them to assess, plan and launch for-profit business ventures to increase their sustainability. He became an expert in financial planning and capitalization of social enterprises, and was a presenter at several industry conferences and seminars. Before joining CWV, Joshua was a Project Manager for GS Telecom, a start-up satellite telecommunications company in Ghana. Prior to GS Telecom, Joshua worked in the investment banking division of Deutsche Bank, where he worked on a variety of public equity financings, private placements and merger and acquisition transactions in the technology industry. Joshua has a BA in Economics from Williams College and an MBA from the George Washington University School of Busin ess. Top Sandra Adams, Vice President, External Affairs Sandra Adams brings three decades of nonprofit development, communications and event marketing experience to Grameen Foundation. Throughout her career her focus has been on improving the status of women in positions with the AAUW Educational Foundation, American Nurses Association, and National Breast Cancer Coalition and on environmental advocacy through her work with the National Parks Conservation Association and The Wilderness Society. An avid student and proponent of philanthropy, she was elected Chair of the Association of Fundraising Professionals national board of directors, served as President of their Washington, DC chapter and is one of only 150 people to have achieved the Advanced Certified Fundraising Executive credential. She was named Washingtons Outstanding Fund Raising Executive of the Year in 1994. Sandra has served on the boards of EarthShare and CFRE International. She holds a Bachelors degree from Mercyhurst College, a Masters from the University of Massachusetts -Amherst and a certificate in Teaching English as a Second Language from Georgetown University. Top Camilla Nestor, Vice President of Microfinance Programs Camilla Nestor joined Grameen Foundation in August 2005 and previously served as Growth Guarantees Manager and Director of the Capital Management and Advisory Center. She was appointed Vice President for Microfinance in April 2009. She has 14 years of experience in microfinance and commercial banking. Before joining Grameen Foundation, she worked in Citigroups Structured Corporate Finance Department where she executed credit-enhanced debt financings for emerging markets firms in Africa, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. Prior to joining Citi, she spent five years on the ground in Southeast Asia, the Balkans, and Africa working with microfinance institutions on start-up, new product development, and capital raising. Camilla holds an MBA and a masters degree in International Affairs from Columbia University and a bachelors degree in Political Science and International Relations from Colorado College. She speaks Bahasa Indonesia and is conversant in French. Top David Edelstein, Vice President of Technology Programs, and Director of the Grameen Foundation Technology Center David Edelstein is Director of the Grameen Foundation Technology Center and Vice President of Technology Programs at Grameen Foundation. As the leader of Grameen Foundations work in technology, he guides programs that create innovative and sustainable approaches to employing technology for the benefit of the worlds poor. This includes efforts to develop services that can be accessed on widely available mobile phones, in domains such as health and agriculture, to improve lives and livelihoods. It also encompasses efforts in technology for microfinance, including an open-source software initiative designed to accelerate the growth of microfinance institutions (Mifos) and efforts to enable the poor to transfer funds using mobile phones. Before joining Grameen Foundation, David spent three years at Microsoft, designing busine